Upstate Estate Law, P.C. Blog

As you may know, federal tax law allows for the deferral of income taxes for compensation income that is placed into traditional IRAs or into qualified retirement accounts such as 401Ks. While federal law allows this tax deferral for a time, the law does not grant deferral forever. What the law gives it does eventually want to take back.

Participants in these tax advantaged accounts are required to begin taking distributions from these accounts in the year that they reach age seventy and a half years. The distributions thus taken are then subjected to income taxes.

The calculation of these required distributions, officially termed Required Minimum Distributions, is relatively simple to accomplish. You simply obtain a divisor from an IRS published table called the Uniform Lifetime Table and divide the prior year end account balance by the applicable divisor and the result is your Required Minimum Distribution.

For example, suppose I turn 74 years of age in the year 2012, and as of December 31, 2011 the balance in my traditional IRA is $150,000.00. From the Uniform Lifetime Table, the divisor for a person who is age 74 is equal to 23.8. To obtain my year 2012 Required Minimum Distribution, I would divide $150,000.00 by 23.8, for a result of approximately $6,302.00. Thus in the year 2012 I would be required to withdraw $6,302.00 from my traditional IRA account and pay the income taxes on it. If I failed to take the distribution, I would be assessed a penalty excise tax of 50% of the amount not taken, in this instance $3,151, plus have to pay the income taxes when I did eventually take the distribution. Neglecting to take your required minimum distributions can be a costly error.

To learn what the JOINT AND LAST SURVIVOR TABLE is used for, you need to understand what the Uniform Lifetime Table is. The Uniform Lifetime Table is actually obtained from the combined life expectancy of the account participant plus that of a hypothetical beneficiary exactly age ten years younger than the plan participant.

The JOINT AND LAST SURVIVOR TABLE (and you have got to love the optimism of our Congresspeople here) is a table that can be used when the plan participant names as beneficiary his or her spouse who is greater than ten years younger than the participant. For an example of the JOINT AND SURVIVOR TABLE follow this link.

The divisors obtained from this table are more generous than the Uniform Lifetime Table. Let’s see how the use of the JOINT AND LAST SURVIVOR TABLE would have affected my example above. Again, suppose I am 74 in the year 2012, but that my spouse is named as my primary beneficiary and she is age 58. Looking at the table at the link above, we look across the top for age 74, and then go down to find my spouse’s age 58. Here, the divisor would be 28.1. Lets divide $150,000.00 by 28.1 for a Required Minimum Distribution of approximately $5,338.00. Thus, the use of the JOINT AND LAST SURVIVOR TABLE results is a lower Required Minimum Distribution. This table is more generous because it is assumed that because the beneficiary spouse has a much longer life expectancy the account should last for a longer time. Reducing the amount required to be taken from the account will accomplish this goal.

I need to add a disclaimer here: unfortunately, it is impossible to offer comprehensive legal advice over the internet, no matter how well researched or written. And remember, reviewing this website and my blogs doesn’t make you a client of my Firm. The rules regarding retirement accounts do change, are highly fact specific, and errors can be extremely costly. Before relying on any information given on this site, please contact a legal professional to discuss your particular situation.

Oh, and the IRS would like me to let you know that any U.S. federal tax advice contained in this document is not intended or written to be used, and cannot be used, for the purpose of (i) avoiding penalties under the Internal Revenue Code, or (ii) promoting, marketing, or recommending to another party any transaction or matter that is contained in this document.

Installment I of A to Z is the INHERITED IRA. Sounds pretty self explanatory doesn’t it? An inherited IRA must simply be an IRA account that you have inherited right? Well, sort’ve. An Inherited IRA is an IRA that contains either qualified retirement plan assets or IRA assets that you have inherited. The most important thing to remember is that if you are named as the beneficiary of a qualified retirement plan or IRA of a non-spouse, the use of the Inherited IRA concept can allow for continued deferral of income taxes on the assets held inside the account.

The Inherited IRA, as applied to qualified retirement plans, is a creation of the federal Pension Protection Act of 2006. Prior to that Act, non-spouse beneficiaries of a qualified retirement plan often found that when they inherited a qualified retirement account, they could not defer the income taxes on the assets. This was mostly because the plan administrator would require that the account be liquidated much more quickly than federal tax law required, causing early recognition of income taxes on the pre-tax dollars contained in the account.

Nowadays, qualified plan administrators are required to allow designated beneficiaries to transfer the qualified account assets to Inherited IRAs. The benefit of transferring the assets to an Inherited IRA is that distributions from the account can occur over the beneficiary’s lifetime, spreading the income tax bite over many many years, and retaining the ability to invest pre-tax dollars. IRA accounts can also be transferred to an Inherited IRA.

There are some requirements to be followed when setting up an Inherited IRA. The Inherited IRA account must be titled in the name of the original account owner and the beneficiary, typically written as “IRA f/b/o John Doe, as beneficiary of John Public, Deceased.” The transfer to an Inherited IRA is not a true rollover of the account, it is a trustee to trustee transfer, meaning that the account cannot be paid directly to the beneficiary to then transfer into the inherited IRA. There is no sixty day rollover rule here. The transfer must be made directly to the Inherited IRA or you will have to immediately pay the income taxes. A further requirement is that Inherited IRA assets cannot be commingled with your own assets. Lastly, be sure to name your own beneficiaries for your Inherited IRA. If you pass away prior to withdrawing all of the assets, your named beneficiaries will be able to continue withdrawing the assets on the basis of your life expectancy.

If you are named as a beneficiary of a qualified retirement account or IRA, the decisions you make can have major financial repercussions, and can generate a significant and unnecessary income tax liability. The advice you may be receiving from the qualified plan administrator or IRA custodian may well be incorrect or out of date. In addition, the plan administrator or custodian may be a company that is not friendly to IRA beneficiaries and needlessly advises that plan or IRA accounts must be cashed in right away, without advising of the possibility of transferring the account to another IRA custodian as an Inherited IRA. If you are in this situation, you are strongly advised to consult with your lawyer or accountant as soon as possible. The income tax bite can be many tens of thousands of dollars, depending on the value of the account.

I need to add a disclaimer here: unfortunately, it is impossible to offer comprehensive legal advice over the internet, no matter how well researched or written. And remember, reviewing this website and my blogs doesn’t make you a client of my Firm. The rules regarding retirement accounts do change, are highly fact specific, and errors can be extremely costly. Before relying on any information given on this site, please contact a legal professional to discuss your particular situation.

Oh, and the IRS would like me to let you know that any U.S. federal tax advice contained in this document is not intended or written to be used, and cannot be used, for the purpose of (i) avoiding penalties under the Internal Revenue Code, or (ii) promoting, marketing, or recommending to another party any transaction or matter that is contained in this document.

Installment G of A to Z is Gift Tax Exemption and Exclusion. The federal government imposes a gift tax on gifts. (Most states, including South Carolina, do not impose a gift tax.) The maker of the gift is generally liable for the tax on the gift. However, all of us are permitted to make a certain amount of gifts without incurring any tax.

The gift tax exemption is the amount of gifts that people can make during their lifetime without having to pay gift tax upon their deaths. This is the lifetime gift tax exemption amount and it currently stands at five million dollars. (The gift tax exemption is unified with the estate tax exemption, so any amount of gifts that reduces your gift tax exemption reduces your estate tax exemption dollar for dollar.)

For example, if you were to make taxable gifts totaling four million dollars during your lifetime, and upon your death you leave a taxable estate worth three million dollars, the four million dollars in gifts will reduce your unified gift tax/estate tax exemption by four million dollars. How much exemption you have left depends on the exemption amount in the year in which you die. This is what is meant by the unified gift tax/estate tax: Taxable gifts made during your lifetime can decrease the amount of estate tax exemption available to your estate after your death.

The other gift tax concept is the gift tax annual exclusion. The gift tax annual exclusion amount currently stands at $13,000.00 per year per person receiving a gift (in 2018 the amount is $15,000.00). This means that you may gift up to $13,000.00 per person per year without reducing your gift tax lifetime exemption amount. Spouses have the option to elect to double the amount of gift they can make to any one person during the year without reducing their lifetime exemption amount, this is called “gift splitting.” Spouses can do this even if the source of the gifts is with one spouse only. This election is made on the gift tax return.

Speaking of gift tax returns, when is one required to be filed? A gift tax return must be filed with the IRS when any person makes a gift to any other one person in a given year in an amount greater than $13,000.00 (or $26,000.00 if spouses elect gift splitting.) Also, a gift tax return must be filed whenever spouses elect gift splitting for a gift made. The gift tax return is generally due by April 15 of the year following the year of the gift. If the gift maker has died before the return is filed, his or her Personal Representative must file the return, and a Personal Representative is permitted to elect gift splitting for gifts made prior to the gift maker’s death.

Unless you give away an amount greater than your gift tax lifetime exemption amount, no gift tax must be paid when the gift tax return is filed. The tax is instead determined after death through the concept of the unified gift tax/estate tax exemption, as described above, ie, the gift made during lifetime reduces the gift tax/estate tax exemption after death.

So there you have a brief primer on the gift tax exclusion and exemption amounts and their interplay with the estate tax regime.

I need to add a disclaimer here: unfortunately, it is impossible to offer comprehensive legal advice over the internet, no matter how well researched or written. And remember, reviewing this website and my blogs doesn’t make you a client of my Firm: before relying on any information given on this site, please contact a legal professional to discuss your particular situation.

Oh, and the IRS would like me to let you know that any U.S. federal tax advice contained in this document is not intended or written to be used, and cannot be used, for the purpose of (i) avoiding penalties under the Internal Revenue Code, or (ii) promoting, marketing, or recommending to another party any transaction or matter that is contained in this document.